5fc4fb2a24b6adfbe3736be6 Izindaba - Ukuphela okunonya kokushayela okuzimele: Tesla, Huawei, Apple, Weilai Xiaopeng, Baidu, Didi, ubani ongaba umbhalo waphansi womlando?
English
Dec-10-2020

Ukuphela okunonya kokushayela okuzimele: Tesla, Huawei, Apple, Weilai Xiaopeng, Baidu, Didi, ubani ongaba umbhalo waphansi womlando?

Njengamanje, izinkampani ezishayela izimoto zabagibeli ngokuzenzakalelayo zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezintathu. Isigaba sokuqala uhlelo oluvaliwe olufana ne-Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL). Izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana nama-chips nama-algorithms enziwa ngokwawo. I-Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA) yenza lokhu. Ezinye izinkampani zezimoto ezikhiqiza amandla amasha nazo zinethemba lokuthi zizoyiqala kancane kancane. lomgwaqo. Isigaba sesibili isistimu evulekile efana ne-Android. Abanye abakhiqizi benza amapulatifomu ahlakaniphile, kanti abanye benza izimoto. Isibonelo, i-Huawei ne-Baidu (NASDAQ: BIDU) banezinhloso mayelana nalokhu. Isigaba sesithathu ngamarobhothi (amatekisi angashayeli), njengezinkampani ezifana noWaymo.

isithombe sivela ku-PEXELS

Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya ngokuyinhloko ukusebenza kwale mizila emithathu ngokombono wobuchwepheshe nokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi, futhi sixoxe ngekusasa labakhiqizi bezimoto ezintsha ezinamandla noma izinkampani zokushayela ezizimele. Ungabukeli phansi ubuchwepheshe. Ekushayeleni ukuzimela, ubuchwepheshe buwukuphila, futhi indlela yobuchwepheshe eyinhloko yindlela yamasu. Ngakho-ke lesi sihloko siphinde sibe yingxoxo ngezindlela ezahlukene zamasu okushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa isoftware nehardware sesifikile. "Imodeli ye-Apple" emelwe nguTesla iyindlela engcono kakhulu.

Emkhakheni wezimoto ezihlakaniphile, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-Apple evaliwe kungenza kube lula kubakhiqizi ukuthi bathuthukise ukusebenza futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza. Phendula ngokushesha ezidingweni zabathengi.
Ake ngikhulume ngokusebenza kuqala. Ukusebenza kubalulekile ekushayeleni ukuzimela. U-Seymour Cray, uyise wama-supercomputers, wake washo igama elithakazelisa kakhulu, "Noma ubani angakha i-CPU esheshayo. Iqhinga liwukwakha uhlelo olusheshayo".
Ngokuhluleka kancane kancane koMthetho ka-Moore, akunakwenzeka ukumane ukwandise ukusebenza ngokwandisa inani lama-transistors endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye. Futhi ngenxa yomkhawulo wendawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, isikali se-chip sinqunyelwe. Yebo, i-Tesla FSD HW3.0 yamanje (i-FSD ibizwa ngokuthi Ukuzishayela Okugcwele) iyinqubo engu-14nm kuphela, futhi kunesikhala sokuthuthukiswa.
Njengamanje, ama-chips amaningi edijithali aklanywe ngokususelwa ku-Von Neumann Architecture ngokuhlukaniswa kwenkumbulo nesibali, esidala lonke uhlelo lwamakhompiyutha (kuhlanganise namafoni ahlakaniphile). Kusukela ku-software kuya kumasistimu okusebenza kuya kuma-chips, kuthinteka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-Von Neumann Architecture ayifanele ngokuphelele ukufunda okujulile ukushayela okuzimele okuthembele kukho, futhi idinga ukuthuthukiswa noma ukuphumelela.
Isibonelo, kukhona "udonga lwememori" lapho isibali sigijima ngokushesha kunememori, okungabangela izinkinga zokusebenza. Idizayini yama-chips afana nobuchopho inokuphumelela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, kodwa ukweqa okukude kakhulu kungase kungasetshenziswa maduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inethiwekhi yokuguqulwa kwesithombe ingaguqulelwa ekusebenzeni kwe-matrix, okungenzeka ingafaneleki ngempela kuma-chips afana nobuchopho.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba uMthetho kaMoore kanye nezakhiwo ze-Von Neumann zombili zihlangabezana nezingqinamba, izithuthukisi zokusebenza zesikhathi esizayo ngokuyinhloko zidinga ukufezwa nge-Domain Specific Architecture (DSA, engabhekisela kumaphrosesa azinikele). I-DSA yaphakanyiswa abawine iTuring Award uJohn Hennessy noDavid Patterson. Kuwuhlelo olusha olungekho kude kakhulu, futhi kuwumbono ongasetshenziswa ngokushesha.
Singawuqonda umqondo we-DSA ngokombono omkhulu. Ngokuvamile, ama-chips amanje aphezulu anezigidigidi kuya emashumini ezigidigidi zama-transistors. Ukuthi lezi zinombolo ezinkulu zama-transistors zisakazwa kanjani, zixhunywe, futhi zihlanganiswe kanjani kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kohlelo oluthile.Esikhathini esizayo, kuyadingeka ukwakha "uhlelo olusheshayo" kusukela kumbono jikelele wesofthiwe ne-hardware, futhi uthembele ekwakhiweni nasekulungisweni kwesakhiwo.

"Imodi ye-Android" ayisona isisombululo esihle emkhakheni wezimoto ezihlakaniphile.

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi esikhathini sokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo, kukhona ne-Apple (i-loop evaliwe) ne-Android (evuliwe) emkhakheni wamafoni ahlakaniphile, futhi kuzoba nabahlinzeki besofthiwe esindayo njenge-Google. Impendulo yami ilula. Umzila we-Android ngeke usebenze ekushayeleni ngokuzenzakalelayo ngenxa yokuthi awuhlangabezani nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemoto ehlakaniphile yesikhathi esizayo.

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Yiqiniso, ngeke ngisho ukuthi izinkampani ezifana noTesla nezinye izinkampani kufanele zenze isikulufa ngasinye ngokwazo, futhi izingxenye eziningi zisadinga ukuthengwa kubakhiqizi bezinsiza. Kodwa ingxenye eyinhloko ethinta ulwazi lomsebenzisi kufanele yenziwe uwena, njengazo zonke izici zokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Esigabeni sokuqala, kuye kwashiwo ukuthi umzila we-Apple ovaliwe uyisixazululo esingcono kakhulu. Eqinisweni, futhi kubonisa ukuthi umzila ovulekile we-Android awusona isisombululo esingcono kakhulu emkhakheni wokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Izakhiwo zamafoni ahlakaniphile nezimoto ezihlakaniphile zihlukile. Ukugxila kwama-smartphones i-ecology. I-Ecosystem isho ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene ezisuselwe ku-ARM ne-IOS noma amasistimu wokusebenza we-Android.Ngakho-ke, amafoni ahlakaniphile e-Android angaqondwa njengenhlanganisela yezingxenye ezivamile ezijwayelekile. Izinga le-chip i-ARM, phezu kwe-chip uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, bese kuba nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene ku-inthanethi. Ngenxa yokuma kwayo, noma ngabe iyi-chip, isistimu ye-Android, noma i-App, ingaba ibhizinisi ngokuzimela kalula.

EV3
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Izimoto ezihlakaniphile ezigxilwe kuzo yi-algorithm kanye nedatha ne-hardware esekela i-algorithm. I-algorithm idinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqeqeshwe efwini noma iqondiswe kutheminali. I-Hardware yemoto ehlakaniphile idinga ukulungiselelwa kokusebenza okuningi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile nama-algorithms athile. Ngakho-ke, ama-algorithms kuphela noma ama-chips kuphela noma amasistimu wokusebenza kuphela azobhekana nezinkinga zokwenza ukusebenza kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuphela uma ingxenye ngayinye ithuthukiswa yodwa lapho ingalungiselelwa kalula. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesofthiwe ne-hardware kuzoholela ekusebenzeni okungenakulungiseka.

Singakuqhathanisa ngale ndlela, i-NVIDIA Xavier inama-transistors ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9, i-Tesla FSD HW 3.0 inama-transistors ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6, kodwa inkomba yamandla ekhompuyutha kaXavier ayilungile njenge-HW3.0. Futhi kuthiwa isizukulwane esilandelayo i-FSD HW inokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza izikhathi ezingu-7 uma kuqhathaniswa namanje. Ngakho-ke, kungenxa yokuthi umklami we-chip kaTesla uPeter Bannon nethimba lakhe banamandla kunabaklami be-NVIDIA, noma ngenxa yokuthi indlela kaTesla yokuhlanganisa isofthiwe nehadiwe ingcono. Sicabanga ukuthi indlela yokuhlanganisa isofthiwe nehadiwe kufanele futhi kube isizathu esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwe-chip. Ukuhlukanisa ama-algorithms nedatha akuwona umqondo omuhle. Ayihambisani nempendulo esheshayo ngezidingo zabathengi kanye nokuphindaphinda ngokushesha.

Ngakho-ke, emkhakheni wokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuqaqa ama-algorithms noma ama-chips futhi uwathengise ngokwehlukana akuyona ibhizinisi elihle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-10-2020

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